A power inverter, or inverter,
is an electronic device or circuitry that changes direct current (DC) to alternating
current (AC).
The input voltage, output voltage and
frequency, and overall power handling depend on the design of the specific
device or circuitry. The inverter does not produce any power; the power is
provided by the DC source.
A power inverter can be entirely electronic
or may be a combination of mechanical effects (such as a rotary apparatus) and
electronic circuitry. Static inverters do not use moving parts in the
conversion process.
Input
voltage
A typical power inverter device or
circuit requires a relatively stable DC power source capable of
supplying enough current for the intended power demands of the system. The
input voltage depends on the design and purpose of the inverter. Examples
include:
- 12 VDC, for smaller consumer and commercial inverters that typically run from a rechargeable 12 V lead acid battery.
- 24 and 48 VDC, which are common standards for home energy systems.
- 200 to 400 VDC, when power is from photovoltaic solar panels.
- 300 to 450 VDC, when power is from electric vehicle battery packs in vehicle-to-grid systems.
- Hundreds of thousands of volts, where the inverter is part of a high voltage direct current power transmission system.
Output
waveform
An inverter can produce a square
wave, modified sine wave, pulsed sine wave, pulse width modulated wave (PWM) or
sine wave depending on circuit design. The two dominant commercialized waveform
types of inverters as of 2007 are modified sine wave and sine wave.
There are two basic designs for
producing household plug-in voltage from a lower-voltage DC source, the first
of which uses a switching boost converter to produce a higher-voltage DC and
then converts to AC. The second method converts DC to AC at battery level and
uses a line-frequency transformer to create the output voltage.
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